A comprehensive review on variants of SARS-CoVs-2: Challenges, solutions and open issues

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 is an infected disease caused by one of the variants of Coronavirus which emerged in December 2019. It is declared a pandemic by WHO in March 2020. COVID-19 outbreak has put the world on a halt and is a major threat to the public health system. It has shattered the world with its effects on different areas as the pandemic hit the world in a number of waves with different variants and mutations. Each variant and mutation have different transmission and infection rates in the human population. More than 609 million people have tested positive and more than 6.5 million people have died due to this disease as per 14th September 2022. Despite of numerous efforts, precautions and vaccination the infection has grown rapidly in the world. In this paper, we aim to give a holistic overview of COVID-19 its variants, game theory perspective, effects on the different social and economic areas, diagnostic advancements, treatment methods. A taxonomy is made for the proper insight of the work demonstrated in the paper. Finally, we discuss the open issues associated with COVID-19 in different fields and futuristic research trends in the area. The main aim of the paper is to provide comprehensive literature that covers all the areas and provide an expert understanding of the COVID-19 techniques and potentially be further utilized to combat the outbreak of COVID-19. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.